The Io Phono Stage's high gain/low noise, all-tube audio circuitry is capable of successfully amplifying today's ultra-low output moving coil cartridges. Flexible gain and loading adjustments make the Io perfect for all cartridges. Io Phono Stage with Aesthetix volume controls is the ultimate dedicated phono pre-amp for the vinyl connoisseur. The Phono Stage contains three main amplification sections and an output buffer stage. The first section is a high gain, low noise, zero feedback single ended amplifier composed of two specially selected sow noise 12AX7 vacuum tubes, This feeds a high gain, low noise differential amplifier (two more 12AX7 tubes) which both amplifies the signal and produces a complementary minus phase signal. Thus, the Io is balanced from the second amplification stage through the output. The signal is then applied to the third amplification section, nearly identical to the second, also consisting of two 12AX7 tubes. The RIAA filter is next in the signal path, a purely passive design with the highest grade capacitors and non-inductive wire-wound resistors throughout. Back panels reflect true dual mono circuit boards and balanced circuit topology.